ALBORES Formación de una nueva vida

The basic unit of heredity is the gene, which is made of DNA. DNA carries the biological instructions that govern bodily functions and determine inherited characteristics. Each gene is located by function on a specific position on a chromosome.

At conception each normal human being receives 23 chromosomes from each parent; 22 autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.

Each woman contributes an x sex chromosome and each man may contribute either an x or a y chromosome. If a y chromosome is donated, the child will be male, and if an x chromosome is donated by the father, the child will be female. It is the father who determines the sex of the child.

The simplest patterns of genetic transmission are dominant and recessive inheritance.


Birth defects and diseases are generally transmitted through simple dominant, recessive, or sex-linked inheritance or by genome imprinting.



Prenatal development is a genetically directed process that occurs in three stages.

The germinal stage includes the first two weeks of development after conception. It is characterized by rapid cell division, increasing complexity and differentiation, and implantation on the wall of the uterus.

The embryonic stage lasts from 2 to 8 weeks and is characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs.

The fetal stage is the final stage of gestation from 8 weeks until the birth of the baby. It is characterized by increased detail of body parts and greatly enlarged body size.

¿Cómo se determina el sexo?

Anormalidades genéticas y cromosómicas

Herencia Dominante
Cuando la relación es 3 a 1
Características Dominantes recesivas
Color de ojos oscuros claros
Color de pelo negro rubio
Forma de cabello rizado liso
Estatura alta baja
Tipo de labios gruesos delgados
Enfermedades Acondroplasia normal
Huntington normal

Herencia Recesiva

Se manifiestan solamente si un hijo recibe el mismo gen recesivo de cada padre.
Albinismo
Acromatopsia (ceguera para los colores)
Sordomudez congénita
Hemeralopía (ceguera nocturna)
Tay-Sachs (deterioro del sistema nervioso)

Herencia Ligada al Sexo

Generalmente trasmitido por el cromosoma x de la madre, quien es portadora pero no la padece. Si el padre la padece no la trasmite a sus hijos varones. (La Hemofilia-El Daltonismo)

Valoración e intervención prenatal
Ultrasound is a non-invasive technique that uses sound waves programmed into a computer to visualize the baby, the placenta, and small details such as the chambers and valves of the heart. It is the most common and least expensive of fetal assessment tools.

Amniocentesis involves withdrawing some of the amniotic fluid from the mother via a needleThe fluid is then used to view the chromosomes of the baby (from cells that are shed in the fluid) and also to determine the maturity of the baby’s lungs in cases of premature labor that cannot be stopped. Analysis of the amniotic fluid takes a few days, whereas ultrasound gives immediate results.

Muestra de vellosidad coriónica

Cuidado prenatal

Servicios educativos
Servicios sociales
Conserjería y servicios nutricionales
Prevención de muerte materna e infantil
Prevención de complicaciones del parto

Escenarios y acompañantes en el parto
Parto en hospital

Parto en el hogar

Centro alternativo de parto

El recién nacido
Tamaño y aspecto 7.5 lbs and is approximately 20 inches long

Sistemas corporales independent air breathing people who can regulate their own body temperature, eliminate, suck, cry, move, and attract attention on their own. recognizing the smell, sight, and sound of the mother as distinct from everyone else


Supervivencia y salud

Valoración médica y neurológica
The Apgar Scale physical health
Brazelton interactive capabilities of the baby.

Complicaciones del nacimiento
Low birthweight babies are at risk for illness and death. Socioeconomic status and prenatal environment are two factors that influence low birthweight.

Desarrollo físico temprano
Principios del desarrollo
cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles

Crecimiento fisiológico
grow fastest during the first three years

Necesidades de nutrición y sueño

Complicaciones del Parto

Teoría e investigación

Developmental scientists have come up with many, often conflicting, theories about the nature of human development.

A theory is a set of logically related concepts or statements which seeks to describe and explain development and to predict what kinds of behavior might occur under certain conditions.

Theories are often the beginning of serious research studies.


Aspectos teóricos básicos

Teoría ( a set of logically related concepts or statements, helps to organize data, and to generate hypotheses.)

Hipótesis (are tentative explanations or predictions that can be tested by further research.)


Los 3 aspectos teóricos básicos en los que difieren los científicos del desarrollo

¿Herencia o entorno?
¿Desarrollo activo o pasivo? Mechanistic and organismic model
¿Desarrollo continuo o en etapas?

Diferenciar los modelos mecanicista y organicista del desarrollo?
Mechanistic model:
People are like machines and they react to environmental input
If we know enough about how the human machine is put together and about the internal and external forces impinging on it we can predict what the person will do
Mechanistic research seeks to identify and isolate the factors that make people behave or react as they do.

Organismic model: People as active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion and initiate events.
Impetus for change is internal.
The whole of a human being’s behavior is greater than the sum of the parts that make it up.
Cannot predict behavior by breaking it down into simple responses to environmental stimulation

Perspectivas teóricas
These six perspectives underlie influential theories and research on human development.
The psychoanalytic perspective is concerned with unconscious forces that motivate human behavior. Sigmund Freud developed this theory at the beginning of the twentieth century.
The learning perspective is based on the idea that people respond to their environment. Children learn in the social context.
The humanistic perspective says that people have the ability to take charge of their lives and foster their own development.
The cognitive perspective is associated with Piaget’s cognitive stage theory and with information-processing theory.
The ethological perspective is associated with Bowlby’s and Ainsworth’s attachment theories.
The contextual perspective is associated with Brofennbrenner’s bioecological theory.


Métodos de investigación

¿Cómo estudian los científicos del desarrollo a las personas?


El método científico
Identificar
Formular
Recolectar
Analizar
Divulgar

Diseños básicos de investigación

Estudios de caso
Estudios etnográficos
Estudios correlacionales
Experimentos

Diseños en investigación del desarrollo
Longitudinales
Transversales
Secuenciales

Longitudinal designs include collecting data on the same person or group of persons over a period of time. One of the most famous longitudinal research studies is the Oakland Adolescent Growth Study.

Cross-Sectional designs assess people of different ages at one time. One of the advantages of cross-sectional research is speed and economy.

Cross-Sequential designs try to overcome the drawbacks of longitudinal and cross-sectional designs. Researchers assess a cross-sectional sample more than once to determine how members of each age cohort have changed.

Ética de la investigación

Tres derechos de los participantes en una investigación
1. Derecho al consentimiento informado
2. Derecho a la autoestima
3. Derecho a la privacidad y a la confidencialidad

Should research that might harm people ever be undertaken? How can we balance the possible benefits against the risk of mental, emotional, or physical injury to individuals?

In resolving such dilemmas, researchers are supposed to be guided by the three principles.

The right to informed consent exists when participants voluntarily agree to be in a study, are competent to give consent, are aware of the risks and benefits, and are not being exploited. Some controversy exists over the informed consent of children.

The right to self-esteem protects participants from being involved in research whose results may damage their self-concept.

The right to privacy and confidentiality provides guidelines for dealing with certain kinds of confidential information that participants may reveal during the study.